BOSTON  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


MEMORANDA 


concerning  the 


PRINTING  DEPARTMENT. 


1897. 


0 Z1.2  2 

iC>rJ  Hi  5m. 


MEMORANDA  CONCERNING  THE 
PRINTING  DEPARTMENT. 

To  the  Librarian: 

I have  prepared  such  a statement  concerning  the 
work  of  my  department  as  seems  likely  to  be  of  gen- 
eral service  at  the  coming  gathering  of  library  work- 
ers in  London;  and  this,  together  with  my  last  annual 
report,  I now  submit  to  you  in  printed  form  in  ac- 
cordance with  your  directions. 

Respectfully  yours, 

Francis  Watts  Lee, 

Chief  of  the  Printing  Department. 


This  Library  maintains,  as  one  of  its  departments, 
a complete  printing  office,  in  which  all  requisite  let- 
ter-press and  relief-plate  printing  is  done. 

The  work  of  this  department  is  carried  on  within 
the  Library  building  in  a room  on  the  ground  floor 
measuring  seventeen  by  forty  feet,  and  with  an  en- 
tirely modern  plant  which  has  been  gathered  at  a 
cost  of  about  thirteen  thousand  dollars. 

For  typesetting  reliance  is  placed  chiefly  upon 
two  Mergenthaler  Linotypes.  Several  copies  of  a 

(3) 


^5,"^  V 


pamphlet  describing  this  machine  in  detail  and  with 
the  aid  of  illustrations  are  included  in  the  Exhibit 
which  this  statement  accompanies.  These  two 
Linotypes,  which  are  fully  equipped  with  all  recent 
improvements  for  securing  extreme  adjustability,  are 
provided  with  three  extra  magazines  and  about  a 
dozen  different  sizes  and  faces  of  matrices  (which 
correspond  to  fonts  of  type).  For  hand  composition 
there  are  provided  about  sixty  fonts  of  ordinary  type, 
ranging  in  size  from  Nonpareil  Imprint  Gothic  to 
Twelve-line  Pica  Poster,  and  including,  beside  com- 
plete series  of  book  and  display  faces,  small  fonts  (in 
two  sizes  each)  of  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Russian  char- 
acter. It  is  hoped  that  eventually  full  fonts  of  Rus- 
sian and  Greek  matrices  may  be  added  to  the  Lino- 
type equipment. 

Properly  to  take  advantage  of  one  of  the  special 
features  of  Linotype  composition,  provision  is  made 
for  handling  proportionally  large  amounts  of  “stand- 
ing matter,”  namely:  about  eight  hundred  wooden 
half  galleys,  with  a storage  capacity  of  some  twelve 
tons,  so  disposed  as  to  occupy  a floor  space  of  twenty- 
seven  by  one  hundred  and  forty  inches.  The  amount 
of  Linotype  metal  at  present  carried  by  the  depart- 
ment falls  slightly  short  of  six  tons. 

Of  presses  the  department  now  has  three:  a Quar- 
ter Medium  Gordon  (io"x  15"  inside  chase),  a No.  3 
Stop  Cylinder  (bed  24"x29"),  and  a modern  web- 
fed  self-inking  proof  press.  There  is  also  the  usual 
accessory  equipment  of  an  office  of  this  sort,  except 
such  machines  (e.g.,  paper  cutters)  as  are  rendered 
unnecessary  by  the  Bindery  plant. 


The  force  employed  consists  of  five  persons:  the 
Chief  of  the  department,  two  compositors  (women), 
one  pressman,  and  one  feeder  and  general  assistant. 

The  work,  of  the  department  may  be  divided  into 
three  classes:  (i)  Stationery,  blank  forms,  circulars, 
and  general  supplies;  (2)  Book  and  pamphlet  work, 
including  Bulletins,  Finding  Lists,  Subject  Cata- 
logues, Special  Bibliographies,  &c. ; (3)  Titles  for  the 
various  card  catalogues.  Specimens  of  all  these  are 
included  in  the  Exhibit  already  mentioned. 

The  first  class  of  work  differs  little  from  that  com- 
ing to  any  commercial  printer:  in  quantity  it  is  very 
considerable:  in  execution  it  is  sought  so  to  handle 
it,  in  simple  and  solid  fashion,  as  to  reduce  the  cost 
to  the  lowest  point  consistent  with  efficient  quality. 

In  the  second  and  third  classes  of  work  machine 
composition  plays  an  important  part.  Three  sizes 
(Nonpareil,  Brevier,  and  Small  Pica)  of  a single  Old 
Style  series  of  type  are  adhered  to  as  exclusively  as 
possible;  and  these  three  fonts  of  matrices  are  fairly 
thoroughly  “sorted  up”  with  special  characters  and 
accented  letters  to  enable  the  doing  of  work  of  all 
kinds  and  in  almost  any  language.  Pages  28-30  of 
this  statement  show  a familiar  passage  in  each  of 
these  three  types,  together  with  a ranging  of  the 
characters  of  each  font:  this  showing  is  and  can  be 
only  partial,  as  new  characters  are  constantly  being 
cut. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  use  of  the  Linotype  for 
typesetting  entails  both  advantages  and  disadvan- 
tages. The  great  speed  at  which  the  machine  can 
be  operated,  together  with  the  simultaneous  auto- 

(5) 


matic  distribution  of  the  matrices  after  the  casting 
of  each  line  or  “slug,”  materially  reduces  the  cost  of 
the  work.  The  space  occupied  by  the  machine  is 
much  less  than  that  which  would  be  taken  up  by  the 
frames  and  cases  necessary  to  do  the  same  amount  of 
work  by  hand.  The  heavy  investment  for  type, 
where  large  quantities  are  required  to  be  kept  stand- 
ing for  long  periods,  is  avoided,  because  the  machine 
uses  raw  metal  at  an  absolute  cost  of  about  one  sixth 
of  that  of  the  same  amount  of  foundry  type.  Since 
this  metal  is  recast  with  each  recomposition  it  may  be 
of  one  size  and  face  to-day  and  of  another  to-morrow: 
thus  one  pound  of  metal  will  take  the  place  of  several 
pounds  of  different  sizes  and  faces  of  type.  This  ef- 
fects a farther  saving  not  merely  in  the  investment 
for  type  and  the  cases  necessary  to  hold  it,  but  in  the 
space  required  for  the  storage  of  large  fonts  which 
are  required  only  occasionally  for  special  work.  Ma- 
trices cost  two  and  a half  cents  each  and  from  five  to 
twenty  of  each  character  are  required:  a full  font  may 
be  stored  in  a shallow  drawer,  the  size  of  an  ordinary 
type  case,  or  in  a box  a few  inches  square.  These 
matrices  being  returned  by  the  machine  for  use  again 
immediately  after  the  casting  of  each  line,  it  is  im- 
possible to  run  short  of  “sorts,”  no  matter  how  great 
a run  on  any  special  characters  (e.g.,  unusual  accents) 
may  be  entailed  by  certain  varieties  of  work.  Free- 
dom from  this  difficulty,  which  is  often  experienced 
with  hand  composition,  even  where  large  fonts  of 
type  are  employed,  is  a very  great  advantage,  par- 
ticularly in  insuring  accuracy  in  the  final  proof.  The 
recasting  of  the  metal  each  time  it  is  reset  secures  a 

(6) 


new,  sharp,  and  perfect  face  for  each  new  work,  and 
renders  the  wear  and  tear  on  the  press  (which  causes 
serious  deterioration  in  ordinary  type)  a matter  of 
small  account.  Linotype  metal  from  which  a million 
impressions  had  been  taken  would  still  be  worth  al- 
most as  much  as  was  paid  for  it : type  after  the  same 
usage,  would  be  worth  only  what  it  would  bring  as 
old  metal.  The  wear  upon  the  matrices  is  slight  and 
principally  due  to  the  action  of  heat,  while  the  cost 
of  a new  set  is  comparatively  small.  Each  line  being 
a single  piece  of  metal,  the  matter  cannot  easily  be 
“pied”  or  otherwise  injured,  and  great  freedom  of 
handling  and  consequent  saving  of  time  is  there- 
by secured  in  make-up  and  imposition.  Lines  and 
phrases  of  frequent  occurrence,  such  as  folios,  head- 
lines, and,  in  catalogue  work,  such  notes  as:  Two 
copies;  Three  copies;  Words  and  music;  Words 
only;  No  more  was  published;  This  work  is  kept  on 
the  Special  Libraries  Floor;  This  work  must  be  con- 
sulted in  the  Allen  A.  Brown  Musical  Library;  Con- 
tinued on  the  next  card,  &c.,  &c.,  require  to  be  set 
up  once  only  when,  by  locking  the  distributing  me- 
chanism, any  required  number  of  casts  may  be  taken 
from  the  assembled  matrices.  In  our  own  practice, 
work  of  this  character  is  done  in  what  otherwise 
might  be  idle  time,  and  the  “slugs”  are  then  stored 
away  in  a convenient  place  for  use  as  required.  Other 
similar  advantages  would  doubtless  be  found  in  con- 
nection with  the  use  of  the  machine  for  any  special 
line  of  work. 

On  the  other  hand  no  machine  is  as  flexible  as  the 
human  hand.  Consequently  the  maximum  of  econ- 

(7) 


omy  in  the  use  of  the  Linotype  can  be  obtained  only 
where  it  is  employed  on  “straight”  matter.  Manu- 
script which  can  be  read  with  difficulty  only  will 
seriously  reduce  the  speed  of  any  compositor,  and 
where  speed  is  so  important  a factor  as  in  machine 
composition,  good  copy  is  of  the  first  importance. 
The  fact  that  the  correction  of  an  error  necessitates 
the  entire  recomposition  of  the  line  or  lines  which  it 
affects,  introduces  the  possibility  of  other  errors,  and 
renders  essential  great  care  in  the  reading  of  all  re- 
vised proofs.  Since  the  keyboard  covers  only  the 
capital  and  lower  case  letters,  figures,  points,  and  a 
few  of  the  more  common  signs  or  accents;  all  ma- 
trices for  italics,  small  capitals,  or  black  faced  letters 
must  be  inserted  into  the  lines  by  hand  from  a “sorts 
box”  and  while  this  process  is  not  very  tedious  when 
compared  with  hand  composition,  it  is  so  much 
slower  than  the  normal  rate  of  machine  operation  as 
practically  to  compel  very  sparing  use  of  these  visual 
spices,  though  it  is  not  impossible  to  employ  them 
whenever  they  are  essential.  In  other  words,  the 
use  of  the  machine  necessitates  a style  of  copy  which 
can  be  profitably  handled  by  it.  Before  the  installa- 
tion of  the  machines  it  was  feared  by  our  Catalogue 
Department  that  this  would  prove  a serious  draw- 
back: that  such,  however,  has  not  been  the  case  is 
now  generally  admitted  even  by  those  who  were  op- 
posed at  first  to  the  change.  Nor  is  this  limitation 
wholly  disadvantageous  from  the  printer’s  point  of 
view.  The  absence  of  display  faces  renders  it  possible 
to  avoid  the  spotty  effect  which  they  produce  in  the 
printed  page,  and  to  secure  a more  uniform  and  har- 

(8) 


monious  “color.”  By  the  simple  plans  of  indenting 
the  lines,  which  may  be  seen  in  the  Monthly  Bulletin 
and  in  the  Bibliography  of  the  Higher  Education  of 
Women,  it  has  been  possible  to  secure  all  the  prom- 
inence of  the  catchwords  that  is  necessary  to  facili- 
tate rapid  reference. 

The  features  of  the  work  of  the  department  likely 
to  be  of  most  interest  to  librarians  generally  are  those 
connected  with  the  printing  of  titles  for  the  card 
catalogues. 

Assuming  this  form  of  catalogue  to  be  the  ideal 
one,  where  growth  is  to  be  provided  for,  the  advan- 
tages of  printed  cards  over  those  written  by  hand  or 
on  a typewriter  need  only  the  barest  mention.  First 
of  all  come  legibility  and  durability:  the  ease  with 
which  any  required  number  of  impressions  of  a single 
title  may  be  had  favors  the  practice  of  mutiplying 
cross  references  and  subject  entries  to  the  fullest  use- 
ful extent  (since  this  may  be  done  almost  without 
extra  cost)  and  enables  us  to  furnish  “extra”  cards  to 
any  library  workers  who  may  require  them,  as,  for 
example,  of  new  books  to  the  Editor  of  the  Monthly 
Bulletin,  or  of  titles  in  special  subjects  to  those  who 
may  be  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  Special  Bibli- 
ographies or  Subject  Catalogues.  By  this  means  a 
considerable  saving  in  the  cost  of  preparing  the  copy 
for  these  various  publications  is  effected.  The  fact 
that  each  card  under  any  heading  or  cross  reference 
duplicates  the  whole  of  the  information  contained  in 
the  principal  entry,  which  it  is  our  practice  to  make 
as  full  and  bibliographically  satisfactory  as  possible, 
secures  the  very  desirable  result  of  putting  the 

(9) 


searcher  into  immediate  possession  of  all  the  facts 
concerning  a book,  under  whatever  heading  it  may 
chance  first  to  be  found. 

Our  practice  is  to  print  the  body  of  the  entry  in 
Small  Pica,  with  notes,  tables  of  contents,  &c.,  in 
Brevier.  All  composition  for  the  cards  except  that 
in  non-roman  character  is  done  on  the  Linotype. 
On  page  22  a specimen  title  is  given  which  shows  the 
general  form  of  the  card  now  used,  and  the  same 
title  is  repeated  on  the  next  page  in  the  form  in  which 
it  appears  under  a subject  heading.  Experience  has 
shown  that  from  a single  compositor  an  average  out- 
put of  one  hundred  and  fifty  titles  a day,  taking  them 
as  they  run,  may  be  expected.  Galley  proof  of  these 
is  furnished  to  the  Catalogue  Department,  which  re- 
turns the  same  after  correction  with  marks  upon  the 
margin  indicating  the  number  of  impressions  re- 
quired: this  number  varies  with  that  of  the  subject 
entries,  &c.,  of  the  various  titles.  The  cards  are  then 
printed  in  “sets”  of  six  titles.  That  is  to  say,  six 
titles  are  printed  at  one  time  on  a single  sheet  of 
cardboard  and  afterward  cut  apart  to  form  the  sepa- 
rate cards.  Each  of  these  sheets  is  given  a number 
in  a progressive  series,  and  each  card  on  the  sheet 
bears  near  its  lower  edge  this  sheet  number  together 
with  the  date  upon  which  it  was  printed.  Occasion- 
ally a long  title  requires  more  than  one  card,  and 
frequently  two  or  more  editions  of  the  same  wrork 
are  entered  on  a single  card.  In  the  printing  of 
these  cards  a special  pattern  of  chase  is  used  having 
three  fixed  crossbars  so  positioned  as  to  divide  it 
into  six  equal  pockets  of  the  size  of  the  extreme 

(10) 


printed  surface  upon  each  card.  Each  of  these  pock- 
ets is  carefully  finished  square  and  true,  and  being 
exactly  fitted  to  the  “slugs”  it  is  to  hold,  the  latter 
can  be  and  are  placed  in  position  against  the  chase 
itself  without  intervening  “furniture,”  and  held  in 
place  by  an  “inside”  lock-up  expanding  in  one  direc- 
tion only  and  corresponding  in  position  to  blank 
space  left  for  the  hole  in  the  finished  card.  This 
arrangement  enables  the  individual  cards  to  be  cut 
apart  without  waste,  and  secures  absolute  uniformity 
in  size  and  position  of  print,  while  at  the  same  time 
reducing  to  a minimum  the  cost  of  presswork.  The 
fixed  chase  with  the  simplicity  of  the  lock-up,  the 
ease  and  freedom  with  which  “slugs”  may  be  handled, 
as  compared  with  type,  and  the  freedom  from  all 
danger  of  “pi,”  as  well  as  from  the  necessity  of  cut- 
ting overlays  for  each  form,  render  it  possible  to  do 
several  times  as  much  presswork  per  hour  as  could 
be  done  with  movable  type.  The  cards  used  in  the 
catalogues  at  the  Branch  Libraries  being  of  smaller 
size  are  printed  in  sheets  of  eight  titles.  In  order  to 
minimize  the  production  of  waste  cards,  the  copy  is 
furnished  in  bundles  of  six  titles  to  correspond  to  the 
sheets  in  which  the  cards  are  printed,  and  care  is 
taken  in  making  up  these  bundles  to  see  that  the 
titles  so  grouped  together  shall  be  those  requiring  as 
nearly  as  may  be  the  same  number  of  impressions. 
In  my  annual  report,  which  is  appended  hereto,  will 
be  found  (page  16)  statements  as  to  the  quality  and 
cost  of  the  stock  used  for  these  cards,  and  in  the 
Exhibit,  which  this  statement  accompanies,  will  be 
found  specimens  of  the  galley  proofs,  the  printed 

(n) 


sheets,  and  finished  cards  cut  to  size  and  punched 
ready  for  the  catalogue  cases.  The  smaller  size  of 
card  is  that  used  in  the  catalogues  at  the  Branch 
Libraries.  The  apparently  unduly  large  size  of  the 
hole  left  for  the  locking  rod  is  necessitated  by  the  dis- 
crepancy between  the  irregular  sizes  of  cards  used 
many  years  ago  and  the  present  standard  size.  These 
various  sizes  have  a tendency  to  slip  by  each  other 
sideways  to  a considerable  extent  and  the  resultant 
free  passage  for  the  rod  is  consequently  none  too 
large.  As  the  old  cards  are  gradually  eliminated  a 
smaller  hole  and  one  or  two  more  lines  of  print  on  the 
card  will  be  possible.  These  specimen  cards  also  show 
in  a general  way  some  of  the  various  classes  of  work 
which  are  done.  The  words  in  Russian,  Greek,  and 
Hebrew  are  set  from  type  and  inserted  among  the 
“slugs”:  but  otherwise  the  composition  is  all  machine 
work.  The  cost  of  these  printed  cards  may  roughly  be 
stated  at  from  seven  to  eight  cents  per  title:  the  aver- 
age number  of  each  title  printed  being  about  eight,  and 
the  cost  given  being  that  of  this  number  of  cards  and 
not  of  a single  card  only. 

For  the  catalogues  and  other  material  printed  in 
pamphlet  and  book  form  any  necessary  size  of  page, 
&c.  may  be  adopted;  but  our  own  practice  is  to  secure 
simplicity  and  uniformity  by  confining  ourselves  as 
much  as  possible  to  a few  standard  sizes  and  shapes: 
the  double  column  octavo  used  in  the  Monthly  Bul- 
letin, and  the  Bibliography  of  the  Higher  Education 
of  Women,  or,  where  this  is  not  practicable,  to  a page 
of  the  same  size  in  single  column  as  in  the  Periodical 
List.  The  only  noticeable  features  in  the  appearance 

(12) 


of  these  pages  are  the  evenness  of  color  due  to  the 
entire  absence  of  display  and  heavy-faced  types  and  the 
method  of  indenting  the  lines  to  render  reference 
easy.  This  latter  feature  has  an  additional  advantage 
in  that  it  greatly  facilitates  handling  “standing  mat- 
ter” on  the  galleys.  This  is  of  considerable  import- 
ance, as  the  small  cost  at  which  it  may  be  done  has 
led  to  the  keeping  of  all  the  slugs  from  the  Monthly 
Bulletins  with  a view  to  their  rearrangement  in  a 
single  series  and  republication  as  an  Annual  or  Bi- 
ennial List.  The  experiment  in  this  direction  is  as 
yet  incomplete,  but  the  considerable  work  already 
done  seems  to  point  to  ultimately  satisfactory  results. 
On  page  25  is  shown  the  form  of  title  used  in  the 
Bulletin  where  the  intention  is  to  allow  for  extensive 
rearrangement  of  the  forms,  while  on  page  26  is  given 
a specimen  of  the  alternate  form  used  where  this  re- 
arrangement is  not  expected.  A specimen  page  from 
one  of  the  Branch  Library  Finding  Lists  is  given  on 
page  27. 

In  the  matter  of  stock  used  for  book  work,  those 
things  which  are  of  an  essentially  ephemeral  nature 
are  printed  upon  a cheap  wood  pulp  laid  paper,  better 
grades  are  used  for  more  permanently  valuable  pub- 
lications, and  any  special  copies  which  it  is  desired 
to  render  especially  durable  for  record  purposes  are 
printed  on  a pure  linen  handmade  paper.  Papers  with 
high  surfaces  are  carefully  avoided  as  being  injurious 
to  the  eyesight. 

The  cost  of  catalogue  work  in  book  form  is  in- 
fluenced by  many  things,  especially  the  quality  of  the 
copy  and  the  extent  of  the  editorial  alterations  upon 

(13) 


the  proof,  so  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  state- 
ments as  to  cost  which  shall  be  applicable  generally; 
but  experience  has  shown  that  the  Monthly  Bulletin 
which  is  issued  in  an  edition  of  five  thousand  copies 
on  the  cheaper  grade  of  paper  can  be  produced  com- 
plete for  about  three  dollars  a page.  This  may  be 
taken  as  a representative  figure. 


(14) 


ANNUAL  REPORT,  189 M7- 


To  the  Librarian: 

I beg  to  offer  the  following  report  for  the  year  ending  Jan.  31, 

1897. 

Service. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  the  department  employed  three 
persons:  Miss  Manix,  Mr.  Geyer,  and  myself.  It  now  employs 
five.  April  15,  Miss  Annie  F.  Land,  a compositor  with  some 
knowledge  of  catalogue  work,  but  none  of  the  Linotype,  was 
appointed  to  the  department  and  put  in  training  at  machine 
operation  preparatory  to  the  arrival  of  the  second  Linotype  then 
expected  shortly.  The  steady  increase  in  presswork  demanding 
additional  help,  Mr.  Birdsey  F.  Ives  was  appointed  to  the  posi- 
tion of  feeder  on  July  27.  Miss  Ellen  C.  Manix,  compositor, 
resigned  Aug.  12,  and  Miss  Carrie  P.  Greeley,  an  experienced 
Linotype  operator,  was  appointed  in  her  stead  on  Aug.  17. 

Plant. 

Under  authority  of  the  Trustees'  vote  of  March  27  there  were 
added  to  the  plant  a proof-press,  slug-planing  machine,  cabinets, 
job  and  body  type,  accents,  &c.,  to  complete  the  same  in  sub- 
stantial accordance  with  my  reports  of  Oct.  1,  and  Nov.  19,  1895, 
and  Mar.  26,  1896.  Under  authority  of  the  vote  of  April  3,  1896, 
Linotype  No.  3460  was  leased  for  one  year  at  a rental  of  $700, 
with  the  option  of  purchase  at  the  end  of  that  time,  in  which  case 
the  first  year's  rent  was  to  apply  as  a part  of  the  purchase  price. 
The  completion  and  installation  of  the  goods  ordered  at  this 
time  extended  over  a considerable  period.  The  Linotype  was 
erected  during  the  latter  part  of  May,  and  its  rental  year  began 
on  June  18.  Early  in  December  the  plant  was  further  increased 
in  capacity  by  the  addition  to  both  Linotypes  of  certain  recently 

(15) 


designed  improvements  (the  cost  of  which  had  been  anticipated 
and  included  in  my  report  of  Mar.  26),  and  of  various  matrices 
and  other  parts,  cabinets,  display  type,  and  other  tools,  in  ac- 
cordance with  my  report  of  Dec.  10.  The  changes  were  made 
with  a view  of  increasing  the  flexibility  of  the  plant  and  the 
economy  of  its  operation. 

Stock. 

During  the  year  the  problem  has  presented  itself  of  procuring 
special  qualities  of  stock  more  closely  adapted  to  the  special  re- 
quirements of  library  work  than  those  formerly  used.  In  the 
matter  of  stock  for  the  card  catalogue  a very  great  improvement 
has  been  effected.  This  stock  is  subject  to  peculiarly  hard  ser- 
vice at  the  hands  of  the  public,  and  from  that  point  of  view 
requires  great  toughness  and  elasticity,  together  with  a firm, 
square  edge,  in  order  that  it  may  be  easily  handled  and  have  a 
long  life.  To  minimize  the  enormous  bulk  which  the  catalogue 
of  a great  library  must  inevitably  attain  demands  the  use  of  the 
thinnest  cards  practicable;  while  the  writing  of  the  cross  refer- 
ence headings  and  the  alterations  upon  cards,  which  from  time  to 
time  become  necessary,  demand  a stock  of  good  surface  for  the 
pen  and  such  degree  of  firmness  in  texture  throughout  as  to 
afford  other  good  surfaces  after  erasure.  Much  thought  has  been 
given  to  this  subject,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  result  shows  a 
card  combining  these  qualities  in  greater  degree  than  any  here- 
tofore employed.  The  stock  now  in  use  is  specially  made  for  us 
at  a cost  of  $6.95  per  thousand  sheets  9^4"  X 11L2"  as  against 
$13.12  for  the  inferior  stock  formerly  used. 

All  other  stock  has  been  selected  with  the  same  general  aim 
in  mind  — that  of  suitability  to  the  particular  work.  The  Bor- 
rowers’ Cards  are  made  from  a stock  more  difficult  to  tear  or 
mutilate  than  any  ever  before  used.  Stock  for  call  slips  is  made 
specially  for  us  and  given  a surface  intended  to  take  pen  and 
pencil  equally  well,  neither  catching  the  one  nor  allowing  the 
other  to  slip  without  marking.  In  almost  all  cases  the  stock 
has  been  procured  at  an  absolutely  less  price  than  formerly  paid. 

Output. 

The  output  of  the  Department  now  includes  practically  all  of 
the  printed  work  of . the  Library  except  that  from  engraved  plates. 
Exact  and  full  statistics  for  the  past  year  cannot  be  given ; but 
the  following  approximate  figures  may  be  of  interest: 

For  the  Card  Catalogue:  2127  forms  = 12,762  titles  (“main 

(1 6) 


cards,”  whether  one  title  more  or  less  to  the  card;  reference 

cards  being  duplicates  are  not  included). 

Call  Slips:  (of  ten  kinds)  about  2,250,000.  Stationery:  Cur- 
rently consumed  stocks  of  more  than  a hundred  varieties, 

600,000  pieces.  Blank  books,  86. 

Circulars,  &c. : above  30,000. 

Signs,  notices,  & c. 

Publications: 

Manual  of  House  Rules,  &c.  Pp.  16.  Ed.  500.  Feb. 

Monthly  Bulletin.  Jan.-Apr.  No.  issued  early  in  June;  May- 
July  No.  July  20;  August  No.  Aug.  10;  since  September 
on  the  first  of  each  month.  Pp.  192.  Ed.  5,000  per  month, 
except  December  3,000. 

Selected  List  of  Books  for  Younger  Readers.  Pp.  40*  Ed. 

5.000.  Apr.  16. 

Manual  for  the  use  of  Trustees.  Pp.  68.  Ed.  50.  October. 

Rules  and  Regulations.  Pp.  16.  10,000  in  March.  Revised 

edition,  10,000  in  November. 

Roxbury  Finding  List,  Nov.,  ’94-June,  ’g 6.  Pp.  32.  Ed. 

1.000.  July  7. 

List  of  Works  in  the  Russian  Language.  Pp.  16.  Ed.  250. 
Aug.  24. 

Now  in  progress: 

Consolidated  Periodical  List.  Set  up  and  corrected  to  end 
of  text,  i.e.  107  pp.  Edition  of  2,500  printed  to  end  of  sixth 
signature  (p.  96) : now  waiting  for  copy,  index,  etc.,  to 
complete. 

Pamphlet  giving  account  of  Chamberlain  Collection  of  Auto- 
graphs. Set  up  and  awaiting  revision.  Approaching  100  pp. 

Annual  Bulletin.  Slugs  from  all  Monthly  Bulletins  placed  in 
one  series,  the  first  Bulletin  being  reset,  108  galleys.  Re- 
vised as  far  as  “Literature,”  42  galleys. 

Bibliography  of  the  Higher  Education  of  Women.  Com- 
position begun. 

Current  work  on  the  card  catalogues,  and  the  stock  room 
supplies. 

The  printing  of  cards  for  the  card  catalogues  at  the  Branches 
was  begun  Nov.  4;  14  forms,  or  112  titles  having  been  done 
to  date. 

Special  Work. 

The  first  year’s  work  has  been  in  many  respects  experimental 
— not  only  has  it  been  necessary  to  do  the  work  but  to  find  the 
best  way  to  do  it  satisfactorily  and  economically;  and  this  in 

(17) 


addition  to  the  considerable  task  of  erecting  the  plant  in  work- 
ing order. 

It  was  obvious  from  the  start  that  a uniformity  in  size  of  cata- 
logue cards  must  be  secured  which  had  not  been  obtained  under 
the  old  method  of  printing,  and  it  was  also  obvious  that  the  Lino- 
type offered  the  possibilty  of  a great  saving  in  the  cost  of  press- 
work  as  well  as  composition  if  full  advantage  were  taken  of  its 
peculiar  features.  To  accomplish  these  results  special  methods 
of  handling  this  part  of  the  work  were  designed  and  the  special 
chases,  etc.  necessary  were  built  from  my  drawings.  While  com- 
paratively costly  in  the  first  instance,  this  has  proved  economy  in 
the  long  run;  and  as  the  work  is  now  done  the  size  of  the  cards 
is  gauged  absolutely,  and  presswork  reduced  from  an  estimated 
cost  of  four  cents  eighteen  months  ago  to  a present  cost  of  a trifle 
under  one  cent  per  title.  Upon  occasions  when  a special  “spurt” 
has  been  made  it  has  been  found  possible  to  obtain  an  average 
from  a single  day’s  work  as  low  as  one  third  of  a cent  per  title. 
At  the  same  time  it  has  been  found  possible,  without  any  labor 
on  the  part  of  the  Catalogue  Department,  to  add  to  all  cards  re- 
quiring it  a plain  verbal  statement  as  to  the  location  of  books 
kept  elsewhere  than  in  the  stacks.  This  is  a particular  service  to 
users  of  books  on  the  Special  Libraries  Floor. 

Another  piece  of  special  work,  which  has  consumed  much  time 
in  experiments  finally  successful,  has  been  involved  in  the  matter 
of  accents  and  special  characters.  In  adopting  the  Linotype  we 
took  a machine  up  to  that  time  used  chiefly  for  newspaper  work, 
and  imposed  upon  it  the  task  of  handling  thirty  or  forty  languages 
and  dialects.  To  do  this  and  obtain  a creditable  quality  of  book 
work  involved  considerable  development.  Suitable  faces  of  type 
were  required  and  many  unusual  characters.  During  the  past  year 
the  type  with  which  we  began  work  has  been  replaced  by  an- 
other and  more  suitable  one  made  by  the  Mergenthaler  Company 
from  a design  submitted  by  me.  At  first  the  Company  declined 
to  cut  any  other  than  the  twenty  usual  vowel  accents  with  q and 
n.  To  overcome  this  difficulty  I had  specially  cut  and  cast  a series 
of  twenty-one  diacritical  marks  which  have  been  used  to  carry 
out  my  own  plan  of  inserted  piece  accents.  This  plan  allows  the 
formation  of  many  hundred  combinations  and  is  entirely  superior 
to  the  old  use  of  piece  accents  with  type,  as  by  this  plan  the  accent 
becomes  an  integral  part  of  the  slug  itself  and  stands  in  proper 
relation  to  the  letter  with  which  it  belongs.  The  process  of  mak- 
ing special  accents  thus,  proving  somewhat  laborious  when  they 
were  of  frequent  occurrence,  led  to  the  effort  to  get  from  the 
Mergenthaler  Company  all  the  accent  matrices  they  could  be 

(18) 


induced  to  make,  and  by  persistence  it  has  been  induced  to  cut 
for  us,  from  time  to  time  during  the  year,  a considerable  number 
of  characters  in  addition  to  its  original  scheme,  while  still  others 
are  in  progress  at  the  factory.  Those  characters  which  the  Com- 
pany would  not  undertake  I have  devised  another  way  of  making 
for  ourselves,  this  time  once  and  for  all  upon  the  matrix  itself. 
The  first  results  of  this  new  method  have  been  obtained  during 
the  past  month,  and  have  been  successful.  It  now  remains  to  be 
seen  over  how  large  a field  it  can  be  made  useful.  We  have  also 
managed  to  secure  italics  and  small  capitals  for  use  on  the  ma- 
chines, both  of  which  we  were  formerly  without. 

There  has  been  a considerable  number  of  other  forms  of  special 
activity;  but  those  mentioned  are  typical.  Most  of  this  work  once 
done  is  done  finally,  and  in  that  respect  the  next  year  will  show- 
economy;  but  at  the  present  writing  by  no  means  all  of  this 
special  work  which  is  in  sight  has  been  accomplished. 

During  the  year  I have  been  called  upon  to  furnish  particulars 
of  our  work  to  librarians  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  and 
have  reason  to  believe  that  our  experience  has  proved  helpful  to 
them.  At  least  one  library,  the  Carnegie,  has  decided  to  follow 
our  example,  and  is  now  negotiating  for  the  purchase  of  a Lino- 
type, the  specifications  for  which  I have  been  asked  to  furnish. 

Sources  of  Economy. 

The  Linotype  has  been  in  service  long  enough  to  demonstrate 
that  for  our  purposes  it  is  economical  in  the  following  respects: 

Cost  of  Composition,  per  se. 

Space  occupied:  to  do  the  same  range  of  work  with  type 
about  five  times  the  space  would  be  necessary. 

Cost  of  metal:  five  tons  of  metal  worth  $600.00  can  be  made 
to  accomplish  as  much  as  several  thousand  dollars’  worth 
of  type. 

Economy  of  time  and  cost  in  make-up  and  presswork,  es- 
pecially upon  the  Card  Catalogue. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  department  all  regular  forms 
of  stationery  kept  in  stock  have  been  set  up  anew  in  uniform 
style  as  each,  was  required,  and  electrotype  plates  made,  each 
form  being  given  a regular  serial  number.  About  one  hundred 
blanks  have  been  so  treated.  Where  these  are  reprinted  without 
change,  the  cost  of.  the  composition  and  electrotyping  will  be 
saved.  There  are  still  many  outstanding  forms  to  be  so  electro- 
typed,  however,  while  new  ones  are  constantly  being  made. 

The  most  important  saving  I can  see  for  the  coming  year  lies 
in  the  elimination  of  the  great  number  of  “changes”  to  be  made 

(19) 


after  the  “copy”  has  been  put  into  metal.  This  requires  the  co- 
operation of  other  departments. 

Sources  of  Waste. 

The  purpose  of  making  plates  is  defeated  if,  when  the  form  is 
reprinted,  such  changes  are  made  as  to  render  them  useless. 
This  is  probably  sometimes  unavoidable,  but  the  less  frequently 
it  happens,  the  more  economically  printing  can  be  done.  Form 
No.  202  affords  a striking  recent  instance.  It  was  approved  at 
nine  o’clock,  printed  before  twelve,  and  cancelled  before  one,  on  a 
single  day.  So  also  with  regard  to  all  other  kinds  of  revision  after 
matter  has  been  put  into  type.  It  ought  to  be  distinctly  under- 
stood that  the  editorial  labor  of  making  a change  on  the  proof 
(not  a mere  typographical  correction)  is  no  less  than  if  that 
change  had  been  made  on  the  copy;  but  there  is  added  the  cost  of 
correcting  in  the  metal.  As  the  cost  of  correction  is  greater  than 
the  cost  of  a similar  amount  of  original  composition,  it  will  be 
seen  that  if  the  text  of  copy  can  be  given  its  final  form  before 
the  attempt  is  made  to  put  it  into  type,  a considerable  saving  will 
result.  It  should  be  further  noted  that  the  cost  of  a change  or 
correction  made  upon  the  first  or  “galley”  proof  is  but  a fraction 
of  what  the  same  change  or  correction  will  cost  if  deferred  till 
the  last  or  “page”  proof.  If  a “press”  proof  is  required  and 
shown,  a thing  in  itself  costly,  changes  made  thereon  are  a still 
greater  item  of  expense.  The  first  proof,  not  the  last,  is  that  upon 
which  the  greatest  care  should  be  expended. 

Instances  of  this  excessive  cost  of  alteration  are  afforded  by 
the  Consolidated  Periodical  List  and  the  Chamberlain  pamphlet, 
both  of  which  may  be  said  to  have  been  almost  wholly  reset.  It 
is  not  for  me  to  pass  judgment  upon  the  necessity  of  such  changes, 
but  it  is  my  duty  to  call  attention  to  their  cost,  and  the  extent  to 
which  they  limit  the  output  of  this  department,  to  the  end  that  in 
the  future  such  work  may  as  far  as  possible  be  avoided. 

From  1896  to  1897  the  department  brings  over  a stock  of  about 
500  reams  of  paper,  1000  lbs.  of  Tag  board,  and  46,000  sheets  of 
card  catalogue  stock. 

There  is  brought  forward  also  a liability  of  $2,750,  being  the 
final  payment  upon  Linotype  No.  3460  due  in  June,  1897. 

The  whole  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

Francis  Watts  Lee, 

Chief  of  the  Printing  Department. 


(20) 


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(26) 


Spofford,  Harriet  P.,  . Louise  I.  Guiney,  and  Alice 
Brown.  Three  heroines  of  New  England  romance. 
[Priscilla  Mullins,  Agnes  Surriage,  Martha  Hilton.]  2727.23 
Sumner,  James.  Memorial  addresses  on  James  Sumner.  2545.19 
Tarbell,  Ida  M.  Madame  Roland.  2426.14 

Wharton,  Anne  H.  Martha  Washington.  [Women  of 
colonial  and  revolutionary  times.]  2522.23 

Wilson,  W.  George  Washington.  2735.17 


HISTORY. 

Anderson,  R.  E.  Story  of  extinct  civilization  of  the  East.  2888.35 
Andrews,  E.  B.  Last  quarter  century  in  the  history  of 


the  United  States.  2881.12 

Bourinot,  J.  G.  Story  of  Canada.  [Story  of  the  nations.]  2661.24 
Bryce,  J.  Holy  Roman  empire.  2732.20 

Burgess,  J.  W.  The  middle  period.  1817-1858.  [Ameri- 
can history  series.]  2512.28 

Byington,  E.  H.  The  Puritan  in  England  and  New  Eng- 
land. 2414.8 

Channing,  E.,  and  A.  B.  Hart.  Guide  to  the  study  of 
American  history.  2522.21 

Drake,  S.  A.  The  watch-fires  of  ’76.  2651.8 

Earle,  Alice  M.  Colonial  days  in  old  New  York.  2512.29 

Eggleston,  E.  The  beginners  of  a nation.  2732.21 

Fiske,  J.  The  American  revolution.  2 v.  2732.19 

Frazer,  R.  W.  British  India.  [Story  of  the  nations.]  2661.26 

Gardiner,  S.  R.  Students’  history  of  England  to  1885.  2632.5 

Green,  J.  R.  Conquest  of  England.  2632.4 

Hallam,  H.  View  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages.  2516.7 
Halstead,  M.  The  story  of  Cuba.  2881. 11 

Imbert  de  Saint- Amand.  The  revolution  of  1848.  2664.11 

Lewis,  C.  T.  History  of  Germany.  2632.10 

Mackenzie,  R.  The  19th  century.  A history.  2632.6 

Maurice,  C.  E.  The  story  of  Bohemia.  [Story  of  the 
nations.]  . . 2661.23 

Miller,  W.  The  Balkans:  Roumania,  Bulgaria,  Servia 
and  Montenegro.  [Story  of  the  nations.]  2661.25 

Mitchell,  D.  G.  English  lands,  letters,  and  kings.  3 v.  2825.8 
Myers,  P.  V.  N.  Ancient  history.  2632.7 

— A general  history  for  colleges  and  high  schools.  2632.9 

— Outline  of  mediaeval  and  modern  history.  2632.8 

Old  South  leaflets.  2 v.  2886.32 

Ploetz,  C.  Epitome  of  ancient,  mediaeval  and  modern 

history.  2522.20 


(27) 


Eleven  point  Old  Style  No.  1. 


Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina.  patientia 
nostra?  Quam  diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos 
eludet?  Ouem  ad  finem  sese  effrenata  jactabit 
audacia?  Nihilne  te  nocturnum  praesidium 
Palati,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil  timor  populi, 


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(28) 


Eight  point  Old  Style  No.  1. 


Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra? 
Quam  diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet?  Quem  ad 
finem  sese  effrenata  jactabit  audacia?  Ndiilne  te  noc- 
turnum  praesidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil  ti- 
mor  populi,  nihil  concursus  bonorum  omnium,  nihil 
hie  munitissimus  habendi  senatus  locus,  nihil  horum  ora 
voltusque  moverunt?  Patere  tua  consilia  non  seiitis? 
constrictam  jam  horum  omnium  scientia  teneri  conjura- 
tionem  tuam  non  vides?  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore 
nocte  egeris,  ubi  fueris  quos,  convocaveris,  quid  consili 
ceperis,  quem  nostrum  ignorare  arbitraris? 

O temporal  O mores!  Senatus  haec  intelligit,  con- 
sul videt:  hie  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  immo  vero  etiam  in 
designat  oculis  ad  caedem  unum  quemque  nostrum. 
Nos  autem,  fortes  viri,  satis  facere  rei  publicae  videmur, 
si  istius  furorem  ac  tela  vitemus.  Ad  mortem  te,  Cati- 


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(29) 


Six  point  Old  Style  No.  1. 

Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra?  Quam 
diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet?  Quem  ad  finem  sese  effre- 
nata  jactabit  audacia?  Nihilne  te  nocturnum  praesidium  Palati, 
nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil  timor  populi,  nihil  concursus  bonorum 
omnium,  nihil  hie  munitissimus  habendi  senatus  locus,  nihil 
horum  ora  voltusque  moverunt?  Patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis? 
constrictam  jam  horum  omnium  scientia  teneri  conjurationem 
tuam  non  vides?  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore  nocte  egeris, 
ubi  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid  consili  ceperis,  quem  nos- 
trum ignorare  arbitraris? 

O temporal  O mores!  Senatus  haec  intellegit,  consul  videt: 
hie  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  immo  vero  etiam  in  senatum  venit,  fit 
publici  consili  partceps,  notat  et  designat  oculis  ad  caedem  unum 
quemque  nostrum.  Nos  autem,  fortes  viri,  satis  facere  rei  pub- 
licae  videmur,  si  istius  furorem  ac  tela  vitemus.  Ad  mortem 
te,  Catilina,"  duci  jussu  consulis  jam  pridem  oportebat;  in  te 
conferri  pestem  quam  tu  in  nos  [jam  diu]  machinaris.  An  vero 
vir  amplissimus,  P.  Scipio,  pontifex  maximus,  Ti.  Gracchum 
mediocriter  labefactantem  statum  rei  publicae  privatus  interfecit: 
Catilinam,  orbem  terrae  caede  atque  incendiis  vastare  cupientem, 
nos  consules  perferemus?  Nam  ilia  nimis  antiqua  praetereo, 
quod  C.  Servilius  Ahala  Sp.  Maelium  novis  rebus  studentem 
manu  sua  occidit.  Fuit,  fuit  ista  quondam  in  hac  re  publica 

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